Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused multiple stressors that may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder. Objective: We longitudinally examined relationships between risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether these relationships differed by the time of assessment. Method: The European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) ADJUST Study included N = 15,169 participants aged 18 years and above. Participants from 11 European countries were recruited and screened three times at 6-month intervals from June 2020 to January 2022. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender), stressors (e.g. fear of infection), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (AjD, ADNM-8) and their interaction with time of assessment were examined using mixed linear regression. Results: The following predictors were significantly associated with higher AjD symptom levels: female or diverse gender; older age; pandemic-related news consumption >30 min a day; a current or previous mental health disorder; trauma exposure before or during the pandemic; a good, satisfactory or poor health status (vs. very good); burden related to governmental crisis management and communication; fear of infection; restricted social contact; work-related problems; restricted activity; and difficult housing conditions. The following predictors were associated with lower AjD levels: self-employment or retirement; working in healthcare; and face-to-face contact ≥ once a week with loved ones or friends. The effects of the following predictors on AjD symptoms differed by the time of assessment in the course of the pandemic: a current or previous mental disorder; burden related to governmental crisis management; income reduction; and a current trauma exposure. Conclusions: We identified risk factors and stressors predicting AjD symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic. For some predictors, the effects on mental health may change at different stages of a pandemic.
| Originalsprache | Englisch |
|---|---|
| Aufsatznummer | 2318944 |
| Fachzeitschrift | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| Jahrgang | 15 |
| Ausgabenummer | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publikationsstatus | Veröffentlicht - 22 Apr. 2024 |
Fördermittel
The data assessment in Poland was supported by the Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, from the funds awarded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland in the form of a subsidy for the maintenance and development of research potential in 2020 (501-D125-01-1250000 zlec.5011000248, 501-D125-20-0004318). The data assessment in the Netherlands was supported by Two Dutch insurance companies: DSW and CZ\u00A0. The remaining countries did not receive specific funding for this research. The authors thank the collaborators for their support and contribution to the present paper: Ozan Demirok (team Austria); Marina Ajdukovic, Helena Bakic, Ines Rezo Bagaric, Tanja Franciskovic (team Croatia); Nino Makhashvili and Sophio Vibliani (team Georgia); Eleftheria Eugeniou, George Fevgas, Kostas Messas, Marianna Philippidou, Eleni Papathanasiou, Anastasia Selidou (team Cyprus/Greece); Ilaria Cinieri, Alessandra Gallo and Chiara Marangio (team Italia); Monika Kvedaraite and Auguste Nomeikaite (team Lithuania); Joanne Mouthaan, Suzan Soydas, Marloes Eidhof, Marie Jos\u00E9 van Hoof and Simon Groen (team the Netherlands); Magdalena Skrodzka and Monika Folkierska-\u017Bukowska (team Poland); Aida Dias, Camila Borges, Diana Andringa, Guida Manuel, Joana Beker and Jo\u00E3o Veloso, Francisco Freitas (team Portugal); Kristina Bondjers, Josefin Sveen, Rakel Eklund, Kerstin Bergh Johannesson and Ida Hensler (team Sweden). We greatly thank the study team of the coordinating site at University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (team Germany) that conducted the overall data management: Laura Kenntemich, Leonie von Huelsen, Sven Buth, Eike Neumann-Runde, Ronja Ketelsen, Lennart Schwierzke, Julia Gro\u00DF, Laura Gutewort, and Emily Price.
ÖFOS 2012
- 501010 Klinische Psychologie
UN SDGs
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