Gender Equity by Social Norms and Measures for Gender Equality

In Japan as well as in Austria we still see some forms of gender inequality in various contexts. Gender inequality is systemically observed by national as well as international organizations. The publication of their empirical findings – in combination with the individual experiences with various forms of gender discrimination – evoke citizens’ initiatives, political proposals, and finally legislative changes. In the following, the effectiveness of these changes should be seen in later observations of the national and international organizations that have specialized in investigating gender discrimination and gender inequality.

This article compares empirical findings reporting gender inequality and gender inequity in Japan and Austria. Therefore, we compare developments in the realized gender equality, measured in labor market participation and the gender distribution in paid and unpaid work, to developments in gender equity, defined by social norms within these two countries.