Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

Anne Cathrin Behr; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Amaya Azqueta; Ana M. Tavares; Anastasia Spyropoulou; Anita Solhaug; Ann Karin Olsen; Ariane Vettorazzi; Birgit Mertens; Bojana Zegura; Camille Streel; Dieynaba Ndiaye; Eliana Spilioti; Estelle Dubreil; Franca Maria Buratti; Francesco Crudo; Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen; Igor Snapkow; João Paulo Teixeira; Josef D. Rasinger; Julie Sanders; Kyriaki Machera; Lada Ivanova; Laurent Gaté; Ludovic Le Hegarat; Matjaz Novak; Nicola M. Smith; Sabrina Tait; Sónia Fraga; Sonja Hager; Doris Marko; Albert Braeuning; Henriqueta Louro; Maria João Silva; Hubert Dirven; Jessica Dietrich

doi:10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3

Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

Anne Cathrin Behr (Korresp. Autor*in)
, Christiane Kruse Fæste
, Amaya Azqueta
, Ana M. Tavares
, Anastasia Spyropoulou
, Anita Solhaug
, Ann Karin Olsen
, Ariane Vettorazzi
, Birgit Mertens
, Bojana Zegura
, Camille Streel
, Dieynaba Ndiaye
, Eliana Spilioti
, Estelle Dubreil
, Franca Maria Buratti
, Francesco Crudo
, Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen
, Igor Snapkow
, João Paulo Teixeira
, Josef D. Rasinger

Julie Sanders, Kyriaki Machera, Lada Ivanova, Laurent Gaté, Ludovic Le Hegarat, Matjaz Novak, Nicola M. Smith, Sabrina Tait, Sónia Fraga, Sonja Hager, Doris Marko, Albert Braeuning, Henriqueta Louro, Maria João Silva, Hubert Dirven, Jessica Dietrich

Institut für Lebensmittelchemie und Toxikologie

Veröffentlichungen: Beitrag in Fachzeitschrift › Review › Peer Reviewed

Abstract

Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.

Originalsprache	Englisch
Seiten (von - bis)	1791-1841
Seitenumfang	51
Fachzeitschrift	Archives of Toxicology
Jahrgang	99
Ausgabenummer	5
Frühes Online-Datum	26 März 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3
Publikationsstatus	Veröffentlicht - Mai 2025

Fördermittel

The European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 101057014 and has received co-funding of the authors\u2019 institutions. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the Health and Digital Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

UN SDGs

Dieser Output leistet einen Beitrag zu folgendem(n) Ziel(en) für nachhaltige Entwicklung

SDG 3 – Gesundheit und Wohlergehen

ÖFOS 2012

301211 Toxikologie

Zugriff auf Dokument

10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3Lizenz: CC BY 4.0

Andere Dateien und Links

Verknüpfung zur Publikation in Scopus

Zitationsweisen

Behr, A. C., Fæste, C. K., Azqueta, A., Tavares, A. M., Spyropoulou, A., Solhaug, A., Olsen, A. K., Vettorazzi, A., Mertens, B., Zegura, B., Streel, C., Ndiaye, D., Spilioti, E., Dubreil, E., Buratti, F. M., Crudo, F., Eriksen, G. S., Snapkow, I., Teixeira, J. P., ... Dietrich, J. (2025). Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health. Archives of Toxicology, 99(5), 1791-1841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3

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title = "Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health",

abstract = "Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.",

keywords = "Beauvericin, Endocrine effects, Enniatins, Genotoxicity, Immunotoxicology, Toxicokinetics",

author = "Behr, \{Anne Cathrin\} and F{\ae}ste, \{Christiane Kruse\} and Amaya Azqueta and Tavares, \{Ana M.\} and Anastasia Spyropoulou and Anita Solhaug and Olsen, \{Ann Karin\} and Ariane Vettorazzi and Birgit Mertens and Bojana Zegura and Camille Streel and Dieynaba Ndiaye and Eliana Spilioti and Estelle Dubreil and Buratti, \{Franca Maria\} and Francesco Crudo and Eriksen, \{Gunnar Sundst{\o}l\} and Igor Snapkow and Teixeira, \{Jo{\~a}o Paulo\} and Rasinger, \{Josef D.\} and Julie Sanders and Kyriaki Machera and Lada Ivanova and Laurent Gat{\'e} and \{Le Hegarat\}, Ludovic and Matjaz Novak and Smith, \{Nicola M.\} and Sabrina Tait and S{\'o}nia Fraga and Sonja Hager and Doris Marko and Albert Braeuning and Henriqueta Louro and Silva, \{Maria Jo{\~a}o\} and Hubert Dirven and Jessica Dietrich",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025. Accession Number WOS:001454178300001 PubMed ID 40137953",

year = "2025",

month = may,

doi = "10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3",

language = "English",

volume = "99",

pages = "1791--1841",

journal = "Archives of Toxicology",

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publisher = "Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg",

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Behr, AC, Fæste, CK, Azqueta, A, Tavares, AM, Spyropoulou, A, Solhaug, A, Olsen, AK, Vettorazzi, A, Mertens, B, Zegura, B, Streel, C, Ndiaye, D, Spilioti, E, Dubreil, E, Buratti, FM, Crudo, F, Eriksen, GS, Snapkow, I, Teixeira, JP, Rasinger, JD, Sanders, J, Machera, K, Ivanova, L, Gaté, L, Le Hegarat, L, Novak, M, Smith, NM, Tait, S, Fraga, S, Hager, S, Marko, D, Braeuning, A, Louro, H, Silva, MJ, Dirven, H & Dietrich, J 2025, 'Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health', Archives of Toxicology, Jg. 99, Nr. 5, S. 1791-1841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3

TY - JOUR

T1 - Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

AU - Behr, Anne Cathrin

AU - Fæste, Christiane Kruse

AU - Azqueta, Amaya

AU - Tavares, Ana M.

AU - Spyropoulou, Anastasia

AU - Solhaug, Anita

AU - Olsen, Ann Karin

AU - Vettorazzi, Ariane

AU - Mertens, Birgit

AU - Zegura, Bojana

AU - Streel, Camille

AU - Ndiaye, Dieynaba

AU - Spilioti, Eliana

AU - Dubreil, Estelle

AU - Buratti, Franca Maria

AU - Crudo, Francesco

AU - Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl

AU - Snapkow, Igor

AU - Teixeira, João Paulo

AU - Rasinger, Josef D.

AU - Sanders, Julie

AU - Machera, Kyriaki

AU - Ivanova, Lada

AU - Gaté, Laurent

AU - Le Hegarat, Ludovic

AU - Novak, Matjaz

AU - Smith, Nicola M.

AU - Tait, Sabrina

AU - Fraga, Sónia

AU - Hager, Sonja

AU - Marko, Doris

AU - Braeuning, Albert

AU - Louro, Henriqueta

AU - Silva, Maria João

AU - Dirven, Hubert

AU - Dietrich, Jessica

PY - 2025/5

Y1 - 2025/5

N2 - Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.

AB - Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.

KW - Beauvericin

KW - Endocrine effects

KW - Enniatins

KW - Genotoxicity

KW - Immunotoxicology

KW - Toxicokinetics

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105001498277

U2 - 10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3

DO - 10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3

M3 - Review

AN - SCOPUS:105001498277

SN - 0340-5761

VL - 99

SP - 1791

EP - 1841

JO - Archives of Toxicology

JF - Archives of Toxicology

IS - 5

ER -

Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health

Abstract

Fördermittel

UN SDGs

ÖFOS 2012

Zugriff auf Dokument

Andere Dateien und Links

Fingerprint

Zitationsweisen