Influence of Nanoparticle Concentration on the Force Generated by a Nanofluid Free Jet Impacting a Stationary Obstacle, with Emphasis on Ionic Liquid-Based Nanofluids

Nanofluids, colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid, have garnered significant research interest over the past two decades due to their potential as efficient heat transfer fluids in heat exchangers. Particularly interesting are nanofluids with nowadays very popular ionic liquids as base fluids. Understanding the behavior of nanofluids under forced convection in these systems is crucial, yet many studies have overlooked the impact on other system components. Our study focuses on the load exerted on system components by nanofluids. Specifically, we examined how varying nanoparticle concentrations influence the force exerted by the free jet flow of nanofluids on stationary obstacles. This aspect is critical as increased nanoparticle concentration generally leads to higher fluid density, potentially increasing the load on the system parts. Our findings indicate a correlation between nanoparticle concentration and the force exerted by the nanofluid's free jet flow on stationary obstacles. As the density of the nanofluid increases with higher nanoparticle concentration, so does the force exerted, confirming that the suspension of nanoparticles elevates the burden on system components. For illustrative purposes, at a temperature of 303.15 K and a nanoparticle mass concentration of 2.5 wt% in the Al₂O₃/[C₄mim][NTf₂] nanofluid, the relative increase in the force exerted by the free nanofluid jet on the stationary obstacle was approximately 5.7%. Further research into nanofluids' broader impacts is essential. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing their applications. Continued investigation into their mechanical and thermophysical effects is recommended to ensure efficient and safe integration into future technologies.