Abstract
The oil palm fruit produces highly valuable edible oil from its fleshy mesocarp and seed. Aside from the palm oil and palm kernel oil of economic importance, the non-oil components of the oil palm fruit hold great potential as natural and sustainable products. Most studies focus on the molecular mechanisms regulating the oil palm lipid production and accumulation but little is known about secondary metabolism, specifically stilbenoids in the fruit tissues. This work aims to profile the proteomes and metabolomes of the exocarp, mesocarp, shell and kernel at the ripening stage and to identify the enzymes and metabolites associated with stilbenoid biosynthesis. From a total of 1964 proteins, the mesocarp and exocarp tissues were characterized by high abundance of proteins related to fatty acid, glycolysis and secondary metabolism. Proteins more abundant in the kernel and shell tissues were linked to storage and triacylglycerol synthesis. The enzymes directly involved in stilbenoid biosynthesis are 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and trans-resveratrol di-O-methyltransferase (ROMT) which were highly expressed (p < 0.05) in the exocarp, mesocarp and shell tissues but not in the kernel. Trans-resveratrol was detected in the shell and mesocarp from comprehensive metabolome screening, with piceatannol in the shell, exocarp and kernel as well as trans-piceid in the exocarp. The oil palm fruit key proteins reveal tissue-specific cellular functions for primary and secondary metabolism in corroboration with the metabolome profiles, prospective for further quality improvement and optimum utilization of this rich resource.
| Originalsprache | Englisch |
|---|---|
| Aufsatznummer | 103308 |
| Fachzeitschrift | Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology |
| Jahrgang | 60 |
| DOIs | |
| Publikationsstatus | Veröffentlicht - Sept. 2024 |
Fördermittel
The authors would like to thank the Director-General of MPOB for permission to publish this article. The research was funded under the MPOB Board Approved Program (New Frontiers of ABBC Proteomics and Metabolomics Researches and Instrumentation). We thank the Breeding and Quantitative Genetics Group for sampling and Proteomics and Metabolomics (PROMET) Unit, Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), MPOB staff for their technical assistance. The biosynthesis of fatty acids (FAs) and regulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) production in oil palm mesocarp were well studied, revealing that plastidial FA synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based TAG synthesis are regulated by two distinct transcriptional programmes (Ting et al., 2020). The levels of the fatty acid synthases of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), \u03B2-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase (KASIII), 3-ketoacyl/3-oxoacyl ACP reductase (KAR), enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR), stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) and acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT B) varied among the fruit tissues. From the heatmap (Fig. 3a), proteins involved in FA synthesis i.e., KAR and ENR were massively abundant in the mesocarp tissue. This data supports previous findings on the KAR and ENR, which are involved in the FA biosynthesis pathway that regulates oil yield and quality in developing mesocarp fruits (Guerin et al., 2016; Yeap et al., 2017; Hassan et al., 2019). The correlation between lipid and stilbenoid metabolism is linked by malonyl CoA, a prime precursor for fatty acid and secondary metabolite biosynthesis such as stilbenoids (Thapa et al., 2019). However, the relationship between the differentially expressed proteins involved in FA biosynthesis in these tissues is highly varied with stilbenoid biosynthesis, shown by the high abundance of FA synthases in the mesocarp followed by kernel to the diverse stilbenoid accumulation in these tissues (Fig. 7). Oleosin 18 kDa-like and oleosin 16 kDa-like are abundantly accumulated in oil palm endocarp tissues (kernel and shell) which were functionally classified in TAG synthesis. This corresponds to the TAG accumulation in the large endosperm structure as found in oil palm and coconut seeds (Miray et al., 2021). TAG also constitute the majority of kernel lipids besides the minor compounds such as \u03B1-tocopherol, phospholipids or carotenoids. The lack of oleosins in oil palm mesocarp oil bodies (mesocarp lipids) was reported in contrast to the nine oleosin-like proteins found in the kernel oil bodies in the oil palm genome (Cui et al., 2020).
ÖFOS 2012
- 106037 Proteomik
- 106002 Biochemie
- 106044 Systembiologie
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