TY - JOUR
T1 - Interactions of hydrophilic birch wood (Betula pendula ROTH) extractives with adhesives for load-bearing timber structures
AU - Engelhardt, Max
AU - Böger, Thomas
AU - Gigl, Michael
AU - Meng, Chen
AU - Soprunyuk, Viktor
AU - Schranz, Wilfried
AU - Richter, Klaus
AU - Sánchez-Ferrer, Antoni
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/7
Y1 - 2023/7
N2 - This study investigated how water-soluble extractives of silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH) wood interact with the most common adhesives used for producing engineered wood products (EWPs), i.e., melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and one-component polyurethanes (PUR). Therefore, the extractives were characterized via various chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry. The effects of extractives on the curing kinetics were investigated using rheometry. The impact of extractives on the chemical and mechanical properties of the cured adhesives was investigated with FTIR spectrophotometry and tensile stress-strain measurements, respectively. Moreover, a comparative study on the shear strength of birch wood with and without extractives was performed. The organic fraction of the water extractives of birch mainly consisted of phenolic glycosides, carboxylic (fatty) acids, and saccharides. The extractives decelerated the curing process of MUF, as observed in a rheological small-angle oscillatory shear experiment using wood substrates as the lower plate. This was indicated by a reduced gel time from 5 to 3.8 h on pristine vs. extracted wood. When measuring MUF on extracted wood, this deceleration was also reached by adding ∼1% (W/W) of the isolated extractives into the MUF resin. Similar experiments with PUR showed a slight acceleration when dispersing extract into the adhesive, indicated by a reduction of vitrification time of −0.9 ± 0.3 h per percent of extractives added. However, measurements with pure PUR on pristine and extracted wood showed no significant difference in curing kinetics due to the extractives’ limited mobility and solubility in PUR. Both PUR and MUF cured adhesive films showed a reduced stiffness, elastic stress limit and tensile strength in uniaxial tensile stress-strain measurements of adhesive films upon increasing the amount of hydrophilic birch extractives concentration. Comparative standard tensile shear strength measurements on pristine and extracted wood indicate a 7–19% strength increase due to extraction when bonding with MUF, while the bond strength of PUR bond lines was less affected by the extraction procedure.
AB - This study investigated how water-soluble extractives of silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH) wood interact with the most common adhesives used for producing engineered wood products (EWPs), i.e., melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and one-component polyurethanes (PUR). Therefore, the extractives were characterized via various chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry. The effects of extractives on the curing kinetics were investigated using rheometry. The impact of extractives on the chemical and mechanical properties of the cured adhesives was investigated with FTIR spectrophotometry and tensile stress-strain measurements, respectively. Moreover, a comparative study on the shear strength of birch wood with and without extractives was performed. The organic fraction of the water extractives of birch mainly consisted of phenolic glycosides, carboxylic (fatty) acids, and saccharides. The extractives decelerated the curing process of MUF, as observed in a rheological small-angle oscillatory shear experiment using wood substrates as the lower plate. This was indicated by a reduced gel time from 5 to 3.8 h on pristine vs. extracted wood. When measuring MUF on extracted wood, this deceleration was also reached by adding ∼1% (W/W) of the isolated extractives into the MUF resin. Similar experiments with PUR showed a slight acceleration when dispersing extract into the adhesive, indicated by a reduction of vitrification time of −0.9 ± 0.3 h per percent of extractives added. However, measurements with pure PUR on pristine and extracted wood showed no significant difference in curing kinetics due to the extractives’ limited mobility and solubility in PUR. Both PUR and MUF cured adhesive films showed a reduced stiffness, elastic stress limit and tensile strength in uniaxial tensile stress-strain measurements of adhesive films upon increasing the amount of hydrophilic birch extractives concentration. Comparative standard tensile shear strength measurements on pristine and extracted wood indicate a 7–19% strength increase due to extraction when bonding with MUF, while the bond strength of PUR bond lines was less affected by the extraction procedure.
KW - Adhesives
KW - Birch wood
KW - Bonding
KW - Hydrophilic extractives
KW - Rheology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164214342&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103447
DO - 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103447
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85164214342
VL - 125
JO - International journal of adhesion and adhesives
JF - International journal of adhesion and adhesives
SN - 0143-7496
M1 - 103447
ER -