After Deception: How Falling for a Deepfake Affects the Way We See, Hear, and Experience Media

Teresa Weikmann (Corresponding author), Hannah Greber, Alina Nikolaou

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed

Abstract

With the emergence of artificial intelligence, deepfakes have rendered it possible to manipulate anyone’s and anything’s audio-visual representation, adding fuel to the discussion about the believability of what we hear and see in the news. However, we do not know yet whether deepfakes can actually impact (1) the credibility attributed to audio-visual media in general, as well as (2) the perceived self-efficacy to discern between real and fake media. Furthermore, it remains unclear if different deepfake formats can affect citizens to differing degrees. This study employs a 3 × 2 × 2 between-within-subjects experiment (N = 951) with the between-subjects factor format (audio vs. video vs. 360°-video) and facticity (real vs. fake) and the within-subjects factor reveal (pre vs. post-reveal). We explore what happens after revealing to a sample of German participants that they have been deceived by a deepfake. Our findings show that credibility of media drops across all formats after revealing the stimulus was fake, whereas the control group is not affected. On the other hand, self-efficacy is impacted even for people who were exposed to authentic news media. This shows that deepfakes may have far-reaching societal implications that go beyond deception, whereas modality seems to matter little for such effects.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1940-1612
Pages (from-to)187-210
Number of pages24
JournalInternational Journal of Press/Politics
Volume30
Issue number1
Early online date13 Mar 2024
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jan 2025

Austrian Fields of Science 2012

  • 508002 Audiovisual media
  • 508020 Political communication

Keywords

  • Deepfake
  • Credibility
  • Self-efficacy
  • Modality
  • MAIN model
  • deepfakes
  • self-efficacy
  • credibility
  • realism heuristic
  • visual disinformation

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