Finite-field implementation of NMR chemical shieldings for molecules: Direct and converse gauge-including projector-augmented-wave methods

Two finite-field implementations for the calculation of chemical shieldings of molecular systems using a plane-wave basis set and the Gauge-Including Projector-Augmented-Wave method are presented. The direct approach mimics the nuclear magnetic resonance experiment in that it puts the molecule in a uniform magnetic field and obtains shieldings from the current response. The other is based on the recently introduced “converse method” [T. Thonhauser, D. Ceresoli, A. A. Mostofi et al. , J. Chem. Phys.131, 101101 (Year: 2009)]10.1063/1.3216028. In both methods two-center contributions to the shieldings can be included via a numerically simple augmentation construction. Results obtained with both methods are discussed as well as (dis)similarities in their behaviors.