Injection of lightning-produced NOx, water vapor, wildfire emissions, and stratospheric air to the UT/LS as observed from DC3 measurements

Funding

The DC3 field campaign was established by a collaborative effort of NCAR, NASA, the U.S. university community, NOAA, and DLR. The National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, NOAA, and DLR were the primary funders for DC3. NCAR is supported by the NSF. Detailed information on the scientific goals and a link to the field data is available from the DC3 website, https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/dc3. We greatly acknowledge the excellent collaboration with the DC3 principal investigators and all the support the DLR team received during the field phase from M.C. Barth (NCAR), C.A. Cantrell (University of Colorado), W.H. Brune (Pennsylvania State University), S.A. Rutledge (Colorado State University), and J.H. Crawford (NASA/LaRC). Furthermore, the logistical support from NCAR-EOL by V. Salazar, J. Moore, G. Stossmeister, and B. Baeuerle is greatly appreciated. We thank the Falcon pilots (R. Welser and P. Weber), A. Hausold for the logistics, the engineers and scientists of the DLR flight department for the excellent support during the field phase, and the DC8 pilots for their great collaboration during the intercomparison flight. We are grateful to G. Diskin (NASA Langley Research Center) for providing CO data from the intercomparison flight. We express our gratitude to the DLR and NCAR colleagues who supported the airborne measurements, U. Schumann, D. Futterer, J. Kim, A. Reiter, A. Roiger, H. Ziereis, T.L. Campos, F.M. Flocke, D.J. Knapp, D.D. Montzka, and A. Schanot, and the financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, project MI 583/4-1). The ETH Zurich (T. Peters) is greatly acknowledged for providing the NO instrument. The GOES data were provided by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation (http://data.eol.ucar.edu/). We thank L.L. Pan and C.R. Homeyer (NCAR Boulder) for their fruitful discussions and for providing tropopause heights from NCEP GFS-FNL model analyses. Finally, we are grateful to A. Roiger (DLR), K.A. Cummings (University of Maryland College Park), K.E. Pickering (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt), and to the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions, which greatly helped to improve the manuscript.