Looking Back on the Development of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology in Parts of Europe on the 150th Anniversary of His Birth

The authors describe the theoretical development and professional situation of Adlerians in Austria, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Whereas in Austria, Italy, and Germany Adlerian theory and practice are considered a variant of psychoanalysis, practitioners in northern Germany and England were deeply influenced by Rudolf Dreikurs and Manford Sonstegard. The authors cover the historical development of the Adlerian movement as well as empirical research and the explanation of Adler’s term dual dynamic. These contributions are intended to demonstrate the continuing vitality of Adler’s legacy.