Roadmap for Photonics with 2D Materials

  • 2D Mat

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed

Abstract

Triggered by advances in atomic-layer exfoliation and growth techniques, along with the identification of a wide range of extraordinary physical properties in self-standing films consisting of one or a few atomic layers, two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other van der Waals (vdW) crystals now constitute a broad research field expanding in multiple directions through the combination of layer stacking and twisting, nanofabrication, surface-science methods, and integration into nanostructured environments. Photonics encompasses a multidisciplinary subset of those directions, where 2D materials contribute remarkable nonlinearities, long-lived and ultraconfined polaritons, strong excitons, topological and chiral effects, susceptibility to external stimuli, accessibility, robustness, and a completely new range of photonic materials based on layer stacking, gating, and the formation of moiré patterns. These properties are being leveraged to develop applications in electro-optical modulation, light emission and detection, imaging and metasurfaces, integrated optics, sensing, and quantum physics across a broad spectral range extending from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet, as well as enabling hybridization with spin and momentum textures of electronic band structures and magnetic degrees of freedom. The rapid expansion of photonics with 2D materials as a dynamic research arena is yielding breakthroughs, which this Roadmap summarizes while identifying challenges and opportunities for future goals and how to meet them through a wide collection of topical sections prepared by leading practitioners.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3961-4095
Number of pages135
JournalACS Photonics
Volume12
Issue number8
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 20 Aug 2025

Funding

This work has been supported in part by the funding sources listed here (grant numbers in parentheses). Section 2: European Research Council (ERC) (101141220 QUEFES); Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIN) (CEX2019-000910-S). Section 3: Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF) (12212); Generalitat de Catalunya and European Social Fund-FEDER. Section 4: Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2020 2020JLZ52N); European Union (EU) (101131579, 873028). Section 5: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UIDB/04650/2020, COMPETE 2020, PORTUGAL 2020, FEDER, PTDC/FIS-MAC/2045/2021); Independent Research Fund Denmark (IRFD) (2032-00045B); Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) (165). Section 6: Office of Naval Research (ONR) (N00014231270). Section 7: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (DOE) (DE-SC0019443). Section 8: Catalan CERCA; MICIN (CEX2021-001214-S, PID2022-140845OB-C63, CNS2022-135658, TED2021-132388B-C41, PID2021-125309OA-100, TED2021-129416A-I00); EU (PRTR-C17.I1); Comunidad de Madrid (TEC-2024/TEC-459, SINMOLMAT-CM); CSIC (20226AT011); CSIC and Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) (BILAT23033/CSIC-24-10); CAS (GACR 22-18718S). Section 9: French National Agency for Research (ANR) (ANR-20-CE42-0020). Section 10: F.D.: Emmy Noether Program (ENP) (534078167); H.D.: GBMF (10694), ONR (N00014-21-1-2770); C.S.: German Research Society (DFG) (SPP 2244 project SCHN1376 14.2); V.M.M.: GBMF (12764), ONR (W911NF-22-1-0091). Section 11: T.D.: DFG (426726249, DE 2749/2-1, DE 2749/2-2); A.C.: DFG (314695032 (SFB 1277 B05), 417590517 (SFB 1415 B11), 390858490 (EXC 2147 ct.qmat)), ERC (101001764 CoulENGINE); K.S.T.: Novo Nordisk Foundation Challenge Programme 2021 (BIOMAG NNF21OC0066526); K.S.T.: VILLUM FONDEN (37789). Section 12: Y.A.: Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) (FA9550-23-1-0375), GBMF (12246); V.K.S. and M.C.H.: Northwestern University (NSF DMR-2308691); M.T.: AFOSR (FA9550-23-1-0447), National Science Foundation (NSF) (DMREF 2323296). Section 13: X.C.: DOE (BES MSE QIS FWP #100740); T.F.H.: DOE (BES CSGB AMOS FWP #SCW0063); L.Y.: DOE (Q-NEXT DE-AC02-76SF00515). Section 14: EU (IR0000016, ID D2B8D520, CUP B53C22001750006, 101130384, HORIZONEIC-2023-PATHFINDEROPEN-01, QUONDENSATE, M4C2-2022LA3TJ8 - CUP D53D23002280006, MSCA-2021 101066108, NQSTI PE00000023-q-ANTHEM-CUP H43C22000870001). Section 15: DFG (Li 580/16-1, DE 3578/3-1, SFB1372/2-Sig01, RTG1885, INST 184/163-1, INST 184/164-1); Niedersachsisches Ministerium fur Wissenschaft and Kultur and Volkswagen Foundation (SMART, DyNano, Wissenschaftsraum ElLiKo). Section 16: Research Council of Finland (RSF) (353364, 360411, 359009, 365686, 367808, 320167, PREIN); EU (MSCA-RISE-872049 IPN-Bio, 101155089, ALTOS); ERC (834742). Section 17: DOE (DE-SC0019443). Section 18: IRFD (0165-00051B); DNRF (165); ERC (101141220-QUEFES). Section 19: DFG (CRC 1375 NOA, 398816777 C4, IRTG 2675 'Meta-Active' 437527638 A4); Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) (16KIS1792 SiNNER). J.W.: DFG (ENP 503985532, CRC 1277-314695032 A03, RTG 2905-502572516). Section 20: National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKRDPC) (2024YFA1409800); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) (12034003). Section 21: Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) (MOE-T2EP50222-0011, MOE-MOET32023-0003). Section 22: ERC (101125662 QinPINEM), Israel Science Foundation (385/23); Hellen Diller Quantum Center; I.K.: GBMF (11473 iQCE); S.T. : Israeli Academy of Science and Humanities (Yad Hanadiv Foundation Rothschild), Israel Council for Higher Education (VATAT-Quantum), Technion (Viterbi). Section 23: DFG; BMBF; Vector-Stiftung; Zeiss-Stiftung; EU. Section 24: MICIN (PID2023-146461NB-I00, CEX2023-001316-M). Section 25: J.D.: Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z240005), NNSFC (12474027); A. A.: ONR, Simons Foundation (SF); J.DC. ONR MURI (N0001-23-1-2567); A.Y.N.: MICIN (PID2023-147676NB-I00), Basque Department of Education (PIBA-2023-1-0007); P.A.-G.: ERC (101044461 TWISTOPTICS), MICIN (PID2022-141304NB-I00). Section 26: A.Y.N., P.A.G., and L.M.-M.: MICIN (PID2023-147676NB-I00, PID2022-141304NB-I00, PID2023-148359NB-C); L.M.-M.: Aragon Government (QMAD);. P.A.-G.: ERC (101044461, TWISTOPTICS); A.A.: ONR (N00014-2212448);. J.D.C and T.L.: ONR MURI (N0001-23-1-2567). Section 27: Department of Defense; NSF; SF. Section 28: J.v.d.G.: Dutch Science Foundation (VI.Vidi.203.027), ERC (101116984); T.S.: 2D-TECH VINNOVA Competence Center (ref.2019-00068); D.J.: ONR (N00014-23-1-203). Section 29: I.V.B.: U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF2310206); A.B. and V.M.S.: DOE (DE-SC0017717); AFOSR (FA9550-20-1-0124). Section 30: Purdue team: ONR (N00014-21-1-2026); J.S.: NSF (Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-1842166). Section 31: H.P.: NSF (CHE-2102601); S.T.: CAS (YSBR-054). Section 32: ERC (101141220 QUEFES); MCINN (CEX2019-000910-S, PID2022-137569NB-C42). Section 33: RCF (353364, 360411, 359009, 365686, 367808, Flagship Programme 320167 PREIN); EU (61MSCA-RISE-872049 IPN-Bio); Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation; Technology Industries of Finland Centennial Foundation (Future Makers 2022); ERC (834742); NNSFC (12374167, 12422406); NKRDPC (2022YFA1403500). Section 34: NNSFC (51925203, U2032206, 52072083, 51972072, 2021YFA1201500). Section 35: Y.Z.: DOE (DE-SC-0022885). Section 36: MOE (EDUN C-33-18-279-V12, I-FIM, MOE-T2EP50122-0012); AFOSR and ONR (FA8655-21-1-7026); MAT-GDT Program at A*STAR (M24N4b0034). Section 37: Swiss National Science Foundation (200021-227862). Section 38: ERC (101157731 Terascan); EU (EXTREME IR 944735, Graphene Flagship core 3, 101070546, PE0000023-NQSTI. Section 39: Defense Science and Technology Laboratory and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/T019018/1, EP/X524967/1). Section 40: ONR; NSF; Government of Israel. Section 41: P.W.: AFOSR (FA8655-20-1-7030 PhoQuGraph, FA8655-23-1-7063 TIQI); Austrian Science Fund (FWF 10.55776/F71); Austrian Federal Ministry of Labour and Economy; Christian Doppler Research Association; L.A.R.: Erwin Schrodinger Center for Quantum Science & Technology (ESQ Discovery). Section 42: K.S.B.: NSF (EPMD EPMD-2211334), DOE (DE-SC0018675); L.Z.: DOE (DE-SC0024145), NSF CAREER (DMR-174774); V.M.M.: DOE (DE-SC0025302); X. X.: DOE (DE-SC0018171), AFOSR MURI (FA9550-19-1-0390).

FundersFunder number
European Research Council101141220 QUEFES
Ministerio de Cienca e InnovaciónCEX2019-000910-S, CEX2021-001214-S, PID2022-140845OB-C63
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation12212
European Union101131579, 873028, PRTR-C17.I1, IR0000016, D2B8D520, CUP B53C22001750006, 101130384, HORIZONEIC-2023-PATHFINDEROPEN-01, QUONDENSATE, M4C2-2022LA3TJ8 - CUP D53D23002280006, MSCA-2021 101066108, NQSTI PE00000023-q-ANTHEM-CUP H43C2200087000, MSCA-RISE-872049 IPN-Bio, 101155089
Italian Ministry of Education2020JLZ52N
Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT)UIDB/04650/2020, PTDC/FIS-MAC/2045/2021
Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF)2032-00045B
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityDE-SC0019443, DE-SC0024145

    Austrian Fields of Science 2012

    • 103018 Materials physics
    • 103021 Optics
    • 103026 Quantum optics

    Keywords

    • 2D polaritons
    • electro-optical modulation
    • excitons in van der Waals materials
    • layer stacking and moiré photonics
    • nonlinear optics
    • photonics with 2D materials
    • quantum photonics

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