Shot-Noise Reduction for Lattice Hamiltonians

Efficiently estimating energy expectation values of quantum lattice systems on quantum computers is a crucial subroutine for various quantum algorithms, which can lead to significant overhead due to the high measurement shot numbers required. We introduce a measurement strategy tailored to quantum lattice systems and (noisy) energy eigenstates. It is based on a geometric partitioning of the Hamiltonian into local patches and performing the measurements in the eigenbases of those patches. The resulting energy estimator has a smaller variance than the ones of Pauli grouping schemes, which leads to a reduction of the total number of shots. We provide rigorous guarantees for this variance improvement for energy eigenstates, also in the presence of depolarizing noise. As one can choose the subsystem size, one can ensure that measurement circuits remain within implementable depths. In numerical experiments, we demonstrate the shot count reduction for various 2D lattice models, including the transverse field XY and Ising models, as well as the Fermi-Hubbard model. We find sampling improvements of several orders of magnitude already for plaquettes of two by two qubits, where the required readout circuits remain very moderate in depth.