TY - JOUR
T1 - Systematics and character evolution of capitate hydrozoans
AU - Maggioni, Davide
AU - Schuchert, Peter
AU - Ostrovsky, Andrew N.
AU - Schiavo, Andrea
AU - Hoeksema, Bert W.
AU - Pica, Daniela
AU - Piraino, Stefano
AU - Arrigoni, Roberto
AU - Seveso, Davide
AU - Montalbetti, Enrico
AU - Galli, Paolo
AU - Montano, Simone
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors wish to thank all the people involved in collecting material or organizing sampling campaigns, including Luca Fallati (University of Milano-Bicocca), Luca Saponari (Nature Seychelles), Stephen Keable (Australian Museum), Penny Berents (Australian Museum), Anne Hoggett (Australian Museum), Lyle Vail (Australian Museum), Francesca Strano (Victoria University of Wellington), Valerio Micaroni (Victoria University of Wellington), and the staff of CARMABI Marine Research Center at Curaçao. Permissions relevant to undertaking the research have been obtained from the applicable governmental agencies. The work was partially funded by PADI Foundation grant nos 28634 and 14384 to DM and SM. SM is grateful to Naturalis Biodiversity Center for providing Martin Fellowships, which supported fieldwork in Curaçao. Samples from Eilat (Israel) were collected during the HyDRa Project funded by the EU FP7 Research Infrastructure Initiative ‘ASSEMBLE’ (grant no. 227799) to DP. Financial support to DP for collecting samples at Lizard Island (Australia) was provided by the 2018 John and Laurine Proud Fellowship and the Australian Museum's Lizard Island Research Station. Finally, we would like to thank Maria Mendoza Becerril for re-analysing material in the collection: Cnidarians of the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean ”Lourdes Segura” (Faculty of Science, Multidisciplinary Teaching and Research Unit, Sisal, Yucatán).
Funding Information:
The authors wish to thank all the people involved in collecting material or organizing sampling campaigns, including Luca Fallati (University of Milano‐Bicocca), Luca Saponari (Nature Seychelles), Stephen Keable (Australian Museum), Penny Berents (Australian Museum), Anne Hoggett (Australian Museum), Lyle Vail (Australian Museum), Francesca Strano (Victoria University of Wellington), Valerio Micaroni (Victoria University of Wellington), and the staff of CARMABI Marine Research Center at Curaçao. Permissions relevant to undertaking the research have been obtained from the applicable governmental agencies. The work was partially funded by PADI Foundation grant nos 28634 and 14384 to DM and SM. SM is grateful to Naturalis Biodiversity Center for providing Martin Fellowships, which supported fieldwork in Curaçao. Samples from Eilat (Israel) were collected during the HyDRa Project funded by the EU FP7 Research Infrastructure Initiative ‘ASSEMBLE’ (grant no. 227799) to DP. Financial support to DP for collecting samples at Lizard Island (Australia) was provided by the 2018 John and Laurine Proud Fellowship and the Australian Museum's Lizard Island Research Station. Finally, we would like to thank Maria Mendoza Becerril for re‐analysing material in the collection: Cnidarians of the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean ”Lourdes Segura” (Faculty of Science, Multidisciplinary Teaching and Research Unit, Sisal, Yucatán).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors. Cladistics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Willi Hennig Society.
PY - 2024/4
Y1 - 2024/4
N2 - Capitate hydrozoans are a morphologically and ecologically diverse hydrozoan suborder, currently including about 200 species. Being grouped in two clades, Corynida and Zancleida, these hydrozoans still show a number of taxonomic uncertainties at the species, genus and family levels. Many Capitata species established symbiotic relationships with other benthic organisms, including bryozoans, other cnidarians, molluscs and poriferans, as well as with planktonic dinoflagellates for mixotrophic relationships and with bacteria for thiotrophic ectosymbioses. Our study aimed at providing an updated and comprehensive phylogeny reconstruction of the suborder, at modelling the evolution of selected morphological and ecological characters, and at testing evolutionary relationships between the symbiotic lifestyle and the other characters, by integrating taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary data. The phylogenetic hypotheses here presented shed light on the evolutionary relationships within Capitata, with most families and genera being recovered as monophyletic. The genus Zanclea and family Zancleidae, however, were divided into four divergent clades, requiring the establishment of the new genus Apatizanclea and the new combinations for species in Zanclea and Halocoryne genera. The ancestral state reconstructions revealed that symbiosis arose multiple times in the evolutionary history of the Capitata, and that homoplasy is a common phenomenon in the group. Correlations were found between the evolution of symbiosis and morphological characters, such as the perisarc. Overall, our results highlighted that the use of genetic data and a complete knowledge of the life cycles are strongly needed to disentangle taxonomic and systematic issues in capitate hydrozoans. Finally, the colonization of tropical habitat appears to have influenced the evolution of a symbiotic lifestyle, playing important roles in the evolution of the group.
AB - Capitate hydrozoans are a morphologically and ecologically diverse hydrozoan suborder, currently including about 200 species. Being grouped in two clades, Corynida and Zancleida, these hydrozoans still show a number of taxonomic uncertainties at the species, genus and family levels. Many Capitata species established symbiotic relationships with other benthic organisms, including bryozoans, other cnidarians, molluscs and poriferans, as well as with planktonic dinoflagellates for mixotrophic relationships and with bacteria for thiotrophic ectosymbioses. Our study aimed at providing an updated and comprehensive phylogeny reconstruction of the suborder, at modelling the evolution of selected morphological and ecological characters, and at testing evolutionary relationships between the symbiotic lifestyle and the other characters, by integrating taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary data. The phylogenetic hypotheses here presented shed light on the evolutionary relationships within Capitata, with most families and genera being recovered as monophyletic. The genus Zanclea and family Zancleidae, however, were divided into four divergent clades, requiring the establishment of the new genus Apatizanclea and the new combinations for species in Zanclea and Halocoryne genera. The ancestral state reconstructions revealed that symbiosis arose multiple times in the evolutionary history of the Capitata, and that homoplasy is a common phenomenon in the group. Correlations were found between the evolution of symbiosis and morphological characters, such as the perisarc. Overall, our results highlighted that the use of genetic data and a complete knowledge of the life cycles are strongly needed to disentangle taxonomic and systematic issues in capitate hydrozoans. Finally, the colonization of tropical habitat appears to have influenced the evolution of a symbiotic lifestyle, playing important roles in the evolution of the group.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85180223575&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/cla.12567
DO - 10.1111/cla.12567
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85180223575
SN - 0748-3007
VL - 40
SP - 107
EP - 134
JO - Cladistics
JF - Cladistics
IS - 2
ER -