The importance of tree species identity and trait‑based winter foraging ecology of bark‑foraging bird species in a large Central European floodplain forest

Beyond preferences for particular species of tree, bark-foraging birds are associated with various tree characteristics such as decay stage, trunk diameter, or bark roughness. Our objectives were to study the winter foraging ecology of different bark-foraging bird species in the highly diverse floodplain forests of Donau-Auen National Park (Austria) by examin- ing the importance of tree species and characteristics. We used ’first-foraging’ observa- tions on the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), middle spotted woodpecker (Leiopicus medius), Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea), treecreepers (Certhia spp.), great tit (Parus major), Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), and marsh tit (Poecile palustris). We examined bird-tree relationships with a bird-plant network approach, where we com- pared traits of trees and their preferences among avian species. The five most important tree species relative to distance-weighted fragmentation were European white elm (Ulmus laevis), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), and white and black poplar (Populus alba, P. nigra). Avian taxa differed only in the use of tree condition, where woodpeckers used decayed and dead trees more than tits. Most species preferred trees of larger trunk diameter with rougher bark. We suspect that changes in these highly diverse floodplain forest stands will eventually lead to changes in bark-foraging bird assem- blages. For the protection of such highly diverse floodplain forests, conservation-based water management practices will be crucial to maintaining a sufficient groundwater table. Our findings also suggest that forest management practices should focus on more diverse commercial forest stands with a critical amount of secondary tree species, a variety of size classes, varying tree conditions, and species with different bark roughness classes.