Abstract
Der Südalpen-Grashüpfer Chorthippus eisentrauti weist ein gut belegtes endemisches Verbreitungsareal am südlichen Rand der Alpen auf. In den letzten Jahren häuften sich jedoch Nachweise von Heuschreckenpopulationen nördlich des Alpenhauptkammes inmitten des Areals des nahe verwandten Nachtigall-Grashüpfers Chorthippus biguttulus, die Merkmale von C. eisentrauti zeigen. Zur Klärung des Artstatus dieser Populationen wurden an über 25 Gebirgsstöcken der Nördlichen Kalkalpen sowie an vier Regionen aus dem bekannten Areal südlich des Alpenhauptkammes Individuen von C. eisentrauti sowie von sympatrisch vorkommenden C. biguttulus und C. brunneus gesammelt und vermessen sowie Gesangsaufnahmen angefertigt. Die Vermessung morphologischer Merkmale (Verhältnis zwischen Costal- und Subcostalfeldbreite, Flügellänge, Kopfbreite) sowie von Gesangsparametern (Verslänge und Versanzahl) zeigte, dass sich die am Nordrand der Alpen vorkommenden C. eisentrauti in allen Parametern (mit Ausnahme der Flügellänge) nicht von denen im Süden unterscheiden, beide Populationen jedoch durchwegs signifikante Unterschiede zu dem nächstverwandten C. biguttulus zeigen. Auch die Habitatnische, mit der Bevorzugung sonnenexponierter Rohbodenstandorte wie vegetationsarmer Kalkfelswände durch C. eisentrauti, zeigte deutliche Unterschiede, sodass syntope Vorkommen der beiden Arten hier eine Ausnahme darstellen. Diese extremen Lebensräume von C. eisentrauti erwiesen sich als sehr artenarm mit durchschnittlich nur drei syntop vorkommenden Heuschreckenarten. Die in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen vorkommenden Populationen sind so- mit offensichtlich Folge von zwischen- oder nacheiszeitlichen Besiedlungen des gesamten Ostalpenbogens durch C. eisentrauti aus Refugialgebieten am Süd- bzw. Nordostrand der Alpen. Dieser wurde durch die später erfolgte Ausbreitung des euryöken C. biguttulus auf mikroklimatisch extreme Standorte in den steilen sonnenexponierten Felswänden der Kalkalpen abgedrängt. Die unterschiedliche Habitatbindung sowie signifikante Unterschiede im Gesang sichern den Artstatus von C. eisentrauti inmitten des Areals des nächstverwandten C. biguttulus dauerhaft ab, sodass diese Reliktvorkommen bis in die heutige Zeit Bestand hatten.
--
Disjunct occurrence of Eisentraut´s Bow-winged Grasshopper Chorthippus eisentrauti (Ramme, 1931) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) also north of the alpine main ridge. It is well documented, that Chorthippus eisentrauti is endemic to the southern parts of the Central European Alps. However, during the last decade populations of grasshoppers with features of C. eisentrauti were also found along the northern ridge of the Alps amidst the large area of its closest relative, the Bow-winged Grasshopper C. biguttulus. To assess the status of these disjunct populations, individuals of both species as well as of the Common Field Grasshopper C. brunneus were collected and measured and their songs were recorded from over 25 mountain ranges in the Northern Limestone Alps as well as from the “traditional” sites south of the alpine main ridge. Morphological parameters (ratio of the width of costal- to subcostal field, wing length, width of the head) and song parameters (length and number of verses) did not differ between the populations north and south of the alpine ridge, but showed significant differences to C. biguttulus and C. brunneus from the same mountains. The habitats of C. eisentrauti are typically steep, sun exposed limestone cliffs and scree fields with very sparse vegetation, where only few other species of Orthoptera occur syntopically. They differ markedly from the ones occupied by C. biguttulus. We conclude, that C. eisentrauti is therefore well established in the northern parts of the Alps and that colonization came from glacial refuges at the southern and northeastern edge of the ice-shield prior to C. biguttulus. This widespread species reached these areas later and 10 Illich et al. | ARTICULATA 38 (2023) forced C. eisentrauti to retreat to its small isolated habitats too extreme to be inhabited by its sibling species. Differences in habitat choice and song preserved the status of the sister species despite the known potential of hybridization.
--
Disjunct occurrence of Eisentraut´s Bow-winged Grasshopper Chorthippus eisentrauti (Ramme, 1931) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) also north of the alpine main ridge. It is well documented, that Chorthippus eisentrauti is endemic to the southern parts of the Central European Alps. However, during the last decade populations of grasshoppers with features of C. eisentrauti were also found along the northern ridge of the Alps amidst the large area of its closest relative, the Bow-winged Grasshopper C. biguttulus. To assess the status of these disjunct populations, individuals of both species as well as of the Common Field Grasshopper C. brunneus were collected and measured and their songs were recorded from over 25 mountain ranges in the Northern Limestone Alps as well as from the “traditional” sites south of the alpine main ridge. Morphological parameters (ratio of the width of costal- to subcostal field, wing length, width of the head) and song parameters (length and number of verses) did not differ between the populations north and south of the alpine ridge, but showed significant differences to C. biguttulus and C. brunneus from the same mountains. The habitats of C. eisentrauti are typically steep, sun exposed limestone cliffs and scree fields with very sparse vegetation, where only few other species of Orthoptera occur syntopically. They differ markedly from the ones occupied by C. biguttulus. We conclude, that C. eisentrauti is therefore well established in the northern parts of the Alps and that colonization came from glacial refuges at the southern and northeastern edge of the ice-shield prior to C. biguttulus. This widespread species reached these areas later and 10 Illich et al. | ARTICULATA 38 (2023) forced C. eisentrauti to retreat to its small isolated habitats too extreme to be inhabited by its sibling species. Differences in habitat choice and song preserved the status of the sister species despite the known potential of hybridization.
Original language | German |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 9-36 |
Number of pages | 28 |
Journal | Articulata |
Volume | 38 |
Publication status | Published - 1 Dec 2023 |
Austrian Fields of Science 2012
- 106047 Animal ecology
- 106051 Behavioural biology
- 106054 Zoology
Keywords
- bioacoustics
- Chorthippus biguttulus-group
- glacial refuges
- morphology